The Month
Outside of Burma, the country I called from my 25-year-old home and the other countries in Southeast Asia, few people in the Hmong people are known. The purpose of this article is to combine different parts of the monthly history, which was the first civilization established in Southeast Asia, generally known as Burma, in the region, at the present time, Burma is in front of the masses Focus on what is as detailed and concisely detailed as possible.
The history of the Han once used to be Burma (and Thailand) is long, busy and colorful. It is a much longer history than Bamar / Burmans, the largest ethnic minority in Burma.
Their story is about immigrants established in Burma in the south. First of all, the area lived sparsely. Secondly, here is the most fertile river delta and monsoon plain, vast paddy field Third, access to the ocean.
The story about the exiled queen escaped from the legendary king who has the three eyes, the mysterious duck sitting on the other back, the collapse of the mighty kingdom, murder and assassination, the Bible, Religion & # 39; It will later be "religion". The Burmese people and their magnificent towers and monasteries, the caves with thousands of Buddha statues, the monk, the oldest of Burma (1020 at the time of this writing), with the Buddha statue completely changed the historic sites of Burma Another great prize, a princess who ran away from the court of his father, and later became a queen and contributed greatly to her development which gold donated the gold weight to the tower built on the moon. It is about Pogrom and ethnic cleansing.
The first year of the history of the Hmong is largely enveloped in a mystery and a legend is incorporated, but the relatively high civilization was most influenced in the early Southeast Asia, the terrabada Buddhism, the new culture and politics system to this region Has definitely contributed to the development of the emerging countries later, leaving a clear impression on the culture. Especially for the modern Burma and its citizens
Once you start a historical study on Mons and its kingdom you will soon realize that you are facing other problems of historical research. Prof. GH Ruth of Burma Scholar wrote as follows. "To date, not only Berman, but Bagan (the history of Berman strongly hopes to show Berman more brightly, by neglecting the role Burmese played in the development of Burma, their status, age, importance The huge contribution made by Mong and Pew is that the development of the Burmese as a people state as compared with what the Burmese actually contribute is not so large It is very blessed, the civilization of the moon and Pew.
Furthermore, from 1057 when Mong 's historical record was destroyed, 1057 when he was conquered by Agawarra king Ananta, Mon research and its history become complicated.
The first immigrants who took root in the Sitown Valley between 2500 BC and 1500 BC were Mons. It is like an ethnic ethnic group of Mongolia, from Mongolia, and has migrated to the south for centuries through the main movement route from the western part of China to northern Thailand, southern Thailand, to the present Burma . They first lived in the valley of Sittaung. After that they expanded to the Ayeyawaddy River Delta west and finally lived and controlled throughout the south. Another moving route Mons went through India.
Looking closely at the emergence and history of the monsoon and its kingdoms, we can not recognize that one of the most important and beautiful stories of Southeast Asia is spread out in front of us.
Dubara Batty
The Kingdom of the first month, Kingdom of Davarabati (650 BC - 1292), was founded in Thailand today.
However, the name "Dobara Batty Kingdom" is only a catchall of several coexisting small moon kingdoms and aggregate of city states, and finally only the small moon kingdom Hariphunchai survived as an independent kingdom, Some attempts by Khmer to conquer Kingdom. Hariphunchai was part of Mon's kingdom and state coalition, including Thaton's kingdom of the Moon Kingdom as a seaport & # 39;
Taton / Suvarnabhumi
In fact, it is incorrect to use the name & # 39; Thaton & # 39; This is a translation of Burmese from the city's original month name "Saduim". "Sudham (Sudham)", "Sudham (Sudharam)", "God 's mood hole & # 39; in modern terms & # 39; Good law city & # 39 ; I will use thaton & # 39; Throughout this article
After rooting down the mouth of Sittaung, Thanlwin, Attaran, Gyaing River, Mon founded the Kingdom of First Mon as part of Suvarnabhumi or Golden Land.
In the 6th century BC, Suvarnabhumi was included in the sentences of ancient Chinese, Indo and Sinhala, and it was already prosperous in times when Burma did not exist. And the arrival of the first Barmar is about 1, 100 years apart.
Thaton kingdom, including that city, and the current Thaton, Bilin, Kyeik-Hto region as a whole, Golden Land of Suvarnabhumi could not agree with all historians. I also do not agree, unless the name Suv arnabhumi is restricted to Thaton kingdom. Because, as far as Burma on the present day and Mon Kingdom in Thailand, Burma and Thailand did not exist, the Mont Control area covered most of the areas where Thailand and Burma appeared. On the other hand, it is also understood that Thailand is claiming to be Suvarnabhumi. However, it is convenient to forget that Thailand did not exist at the time of Suvarnabhumi. In addition, almost all of the current lower middle class Burma was under the rule of the Moon kingdom. The northwestern and western parts of the central part of the present Burma were entirely managed by Pew. Before the first Anglo Burmese war broke out in 1824, it was only the kingdom that existed. Pew / Arakan Kingdom, Mon Kingdom, Shan Kingdom, Bamar Kingdom and so on. Behind that Burma & # 39; & # 39; Burma above & # 39; after England belonged to the Pegu region, it has existed since 1852 and they named Lower Burma. Of the Burman kingdoms, what remained in the northern part called the upper Burma?
By the way, there is another way to spell Suvarnabhumi & # 39. This is, for example, Suvannabhumi & # 39; & # 39; Suvarnaboom & # 39; I write it as "Suanna Boom".
Looking at the vast area that was already under Mont Control at the time of Gautama Buddha, the Mon is not only Burma but also one of the most influential ethnic groups throughout Southeast Asia. Thaton is the cornerstone for the future Mon Kingdom, one of which claims all the coverage of 254 and covers almost the entire area of the current Burma.
Unlike Bamar or Thai language, the words of the Hmong belong to the Austrian / Asian languages of the monkey language. The moon is spoken mainly not only in Mon State but also in other parts of southern Burma such as Cain State and Northern Tannathari State. What is relevant to the Mon script is the Brahmi style syllable alphabet in the heathen 's & # 39; As never before the words written by themselves, they were adopted by Burmans as the basis for developing their own Bible.
According to archaeological findings, Old Thaton spread to the area of 1 square mile / 2.6 square kilometers. It was a rectangular shape surrounded by urban walls (inner wall and outer wall) of 6.594 feet / 0.010 meters in the north-south direction and 4.232 feet / 1.290 meters in the western east direction. The walls were huge, made of large bricks, mainly rounded with corners, 45 feet / 15 m thick.
Old Taton was located east of the Andaman Sea like the current Taton. The water canal management to the city, in the western sea and the east of Martaban, carefully managed the basin and tank system using the terrain, carefully managed, the slope of the mountain stream of large and small. For floods from the beach, the city was protected by altitude at the port site, which is at a lower level than the city. Compounds of the palace are located in the southeastern part of Taung Town, which is close to Shwezayan Pagoda. Unfortunately, the new lattice was partly built on top of the old taton. I am still looking for an answer to the question of why this was done. The answer is that Thaton was destroyed almost completely by the army of King Anawrahta? The fact remains that the construction of newtons in the old dooms and the inside makes archaeological investigation and excavation more difficult than normal work. Many explanations and investigations need to be connected in the fields of surprisingly unknown Old Turon, such as blinkers, kaycatta, taikura, zokusoku, and maurami. Details of the story and secret of the legendary Suvarnabhumi.
More recent important findings are, for example, bricks marked with fingers, remnants of brick buildings dating back to AD in the 6th century, artifacts, potted plants, pottery, tablets for dedication, beads, terracotta Buddha images maybe even faster The coins from the time are very encouraging and I promise there will be more to help answer many untold questions related to Taton and Mons' history.
The Kingdom of Thaung was conquered by the heathens in 1057, ended the Kingdom of Thaun and ended the reign of 25 years of the 59 th year (1032 to 1057), in about 1550 since the establishment of about 500 years It prospered across and it was the last Thaton dynasty King Manuha.
The conquest of Thaton and the transfer of the elite of the Mon King to heathens led to the golden age of heathens. Especially under the reign of King King Jitter (r. 1084 - 1112), the establishment of Mon culture was the most important and ironical thing, but not surprisingly, the culture of the highly civilized Mong is different The highest for the teachers. The words of the Hmong, the inscriptions of Sanskrit and Paris, all the arts and architecture experienced an astounding increase, terrabada Buddhism became dominant. This is how I lead Mons & # 39; defeat to victory. Contrary to the Monhan culture adopted by Bamar, the Bahamian Buddhism developed by Bamar Buddhism, the Hymn script, the pagan kingdom has existed for a long time in the past Only the remnants of the capital is still present) As an integral part of the so-called "Burman", culture.
But at the end of the Moon Kingdom the story of the moon and its glorious era of the kingdom is not over. Thaton was just the beginning. Importantly, as it was in the history of the moon, it was nothing compared to what it was after 230 years, more importantly it was 369 years later.
Taton is a city that looks pretty sleepy today. The population of this area is about 120,000 people. As a result of the natural landfill (settlement), the city is now located in the inland part of about 16 miles and no longer has a harbor. However, the famous U San Win, Archaeologist of the insider circle specializing in the history research of Suvarnabhumi, retiring deputy director of the Ministry of Culture, it is an inland port city, never Andaman Sea Maltaban Bay) is connected to the canal. Interesting hypothesis. Although I do not say this is impossible, I prefer to stick to the traditional opinion that it was located directly or near the coastline of Martaban Bay until San Win's paper proved correct .
Without that impressive history Thaton would be a very different city with nothing to write at home. With the exception of some ruins remaining on the walls of the city, there is nothing to show that this city was really a former powerful Moon Kingdom, once a prosperous prosperous port city.
Modernuton is a road and a railroad connected to all areas of Mon State and other areas of Burma. I will return to the past now after this short trip.
After Toughton was conquered, the original Moon Kingdom was a minister of the heathen kingdom for 230 years. However, due to defeat of the heathen troops by the Cuban army in 1287 things began to change dramatically.
The invasion of Mongolia led the collapse of the heathen kingdom in 1287. With the inheritance of this heathen, the son Que Zwa (1287 BC to 1297 BC) of former Royal Narathiapat was integrated into the Mongol empire (Cheng-Mien Province) as king of the doll.
Pagan who lost all power and automatically ceased to exist as a central authority lost all the countries of Pegu, Tungoo and Plum. These are much more powerful (and much more powerful than the other kingdoms of Berman 's Post Bagan) than the Thanon' s Moon Kingdom. Independence and the beginning for the emergence of the second Moon Kingdom of Hunter Wadi Kingdom Given are signs. However, it will take over 100 years for them to be ready to make their dreams come true.
Huntwadi / Ramanadesa
In 1253, a man named Magadu was born in a village a few miles north of Tathon. In 347 he became the founder of Huntswawadi Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of the second month, Raman Desa or Peg Kingdom in 1287. From April 1287 until January 1307 assassination, he resigned as King King Waal which is Kingdom of the first Hantavadi, Kingdom who was a master of the Kingdom of Sukhothai, the country of the capital Maltaban (Mottama), and lamb · King Kam Han. In 1330 Ramanadesa basically became independent from the Kingdom of Sukhothai.
The great achievement of Wareru is to connect the three power centers of Mondland with what he did not do. This occurred in 1981 with the 8 kings in 104 years and was achieved by King Razadarit. But the foundation of a strong future of the Moon kingdom was built. King Wareru took over to brother Hkun Law who ruled from January 1307 until March 1311.
Moon King Binnya U's son Wareru's Moon King Razadarit is a legitimate Hanthawaddy kingdom ruled by the prince Binnya Nwe & Crown Prince, Pegg (three under the command of his uncle Laukpya) Ayeyawaddy deltas next to each other three unwilling We succeeded in unifying them side by side. Father Vinha U is the grandfather of the founder of the kingdom Warel (Queen Mahadevi, the sister of the losing King and Sumim Mul of the lover), the son of Maltaban Binnya, Byattaba, a rebellious governor) After being declared the King at the age of 16 on February 2nd, but now I am a little before the actual event. Let me explain this part of the story in detail from the beginning.
The name of the birthday of King Razadarit later was Binnya Nwe. His title was a prince, he was a legitimate heir to the throne. As members of the family were busy planning and planning on the issue of success to the throne, the family of the Kingdom of Vinha was impressed with his family members being busy and hard-tense relationships before his death .
A companion to the promotion of the throne of Peg was the princess of King Vinha (more precisely, her lover Sumim Mulu was supporting the desire to be king) Princess Mahadevi, King Lau Kupya Vinha Yun & # 39; older brother . Each of these two parties wanted to get a throne. Therefore, they have to leave each other competitor, Princess Mahadevi and brother Lou Cupya are the first to be taken out of the race, the 15-year-old son of Mr. Vinha, King Vinha Ne, the King's only I was convinced that he would be his successor as his son. It was necessary to prevent this.
In order to know where Binnya Nwe is in the rival of Binnya Nwe, Binnya Nwe is afraid of being killed and escaping to his sister Talamidaw and Dagon (later Rangoon) to start the rebellion against his father Binnya U It was. I went to the Dagon with the army across the throne army. Together with the only faithful regular army and a small army who fought partly with mercenaries, we strengthened it and found it with Prince Binnya Nwe. The troops of Laukpya and Byattaba withdrew after a siege of a few days but Smim Maru wanted to solve this problem.Binnya Nwe 'only once. This was not a good idea. His troops were defeated and executed. Binnya Nwe marched to Pegu in a small army and was welcomed by the elite to rule and died after his father Binnya U pardoned his son and daughter, Binnya Nwe '; Arrival of Peg. Binnya Nwe became the ninth king of Hanthawaddy (Pegu) in the name of Rajadoraera (Pali, King's King) known as King Lazarrit on Monday, January 4, 1384. Now it was King of Pegu (Hanthawaddy), Smim carried out, the army of Smim was defeated. Mahadevi gave Dagon as fief and was taken to the line in exchange for dominating Pegu. Razadarit, his order. What he did. However, as Myaungmya's uncle, Laukpya, was not willing to submit to the much younger king's Razadarit, he was not as good as he wanted. Laukpya returned his submission to him in search of help of King Ava Swasawke, knowing that he had doubts about winning when King Razadarit was in war. Swasouku was a direct access to the Bengal Bay to invigorate the Kingdom of Hunt Hadadi and under the control of him, with meanless motivation to his kingdom, to start beneficial trade with foreign countries President Obama greeted President Obama with this Laukpya offer backdrop.
Meanwhile, King Razadarit had no intention of submitting to Lazadarit Laukpya who dominated the Ayeyawaddy delta in the West and Byattaba who had dominated the eastern Martaban, so all Mon regions that needed to use power I was busy planning and preparing for consolidation. But he first attacked the Kingdom of Hanthawaddy centered on Pegu against the invasion attempt of Laukpya attacked from the west and Eva King Swasawke (the reason of the 40 year war between Pegu and Ava) attacked from the North I kept it. This, Razadarit succeeded. He attempted the first invasion in 1386 and stopped the second invasion in 1387. It would have been impossible without significant help. King Razadarit later had many victories in a single battle on his belt, but he was a fierce, brave and afraid fighter without knowledge of the art of war. However, he was fortunate to have a well-versed combat robust officer like General Lagun Ein, Emuntaya, Byat Za who taught the art of war and earn many future battles and wars for him.
But the victory against Ava's army did not happen without serious loss.If Rabadarit wants a fair opportunity against the powerful army of the Kingdom of Ava it must be urgently reintegrated Mons It was very obvious.
In the latter half of 1388 attacked Maltaban, conquered in early 1389. He now has the integrated northeast and southeast (Maltaban) center of his kingdom (peg), so he created a prerequisite to fully focus on the last problem. My uncle la kpya of Myaungmya. However, although I knew that it was difficult to beat Laukpya, it proved to be a difficult nut much more than I had hoped.
Early in 1389, Razadarit marched to Myanma, but I knew that the city was greatly strengthened, and I wanted to conquer Patein for the first time. Pathein is situated several miles northwest of Myaungmya and Razadarit and believes it is much easier than conquering Myaungmya after conquering Pathein. I saw this plan on the page, but I did not pass the test on the battlefield. After the massive battle between the Army and the Navy and numerous atrocities, the first attempt to add Razadarit's Ayawaddy Delta and the southern part of Arakan to the kingdom failed. Contrary to Razadarit, Laukpya also suffered a large loss without the possibility of simply replenishing what was suddenly needed. So he decided to leave Myaungmya. What he took with him is not clear, but it was said that his family, gold, silver, and precious stones had loaded 10 elephants. The general and consultant of Razadarit Byat Za was informed that Laukpya departed for Prome and that Byat Za accompanied a group of soldiers departing immediately to catch Laukpya.
With the message that he was pursued, Laukpya changed his plan and fled to Arakan's Thandwe. He followed the Byat Za who attacked the city. The ruler of Thandwe handed the simple way that gave Laukpya to Byat Za, and he went home with him captive.
There are various reports about what happened to Laukpya after being caught. Some draw lines under his capture and leave it on it. Others say that he was executed, others say that others are dead, others say that he was pardoned. The fact that his son Nauratha and his duty Pinanchi successfully defended pattins against the Razadarit army is related to what they are reported to have fled to Eva. Where they were king of Aba and became the king of Sarin (Nauratta) and the king of Plum (Pickey). They will meet again in a similar situation after a few years. Razadarit 's offensive force, Nawrahta and Pyanchi' s defense side.
On the other hand, Razadarit prepared the final military strategy to conquer the Ayeyawaddy Delta region in 1390, but the Lord of Myaungmya heard that defenders of Myaungmya and Pathein became prisoners by unconditionally surrendered Razadarit . By doing this, Rhodarit reduced the status of Burma and fulfilled the mission of unifying the former independent Maltaban, Peg and Ayawaddy Delta.
When short-term rest, celebration, prayer, credible offerings (when Razadarit removes his wife Talamidaw and his son Bawlawkyantaw in a very troublesome way) he is preparing for action to the next step Expand territory north: Conquer Myanaung located south of Plum river of Ayahavi River. It is one of the northernmost cities of Ayavadi Delta along the river of about 180 miles / 112 km northeast of Pathein, under the control of Ava.
Razadarit successfully uses the newly acquired domain Pathein and assembles a large navy and army to attack Myanaung. He made this a success in 1391 and turned Myanaung into a sturdy garrisle for the army. Currently his army is about 140 miles / 87 km south of Prome, the next purpose of his desire.
He raised his land and naval strength and surrounded Plum (Prome). The reply of King Swasok was to meet the Hanzawadi army and send an army to stop Razadarit's advancing. However, before the open fight, the two marched ceasefire negotiations lasting from 1391 to 1404. Razadarit extinguished the sword and his army retired to Miaonan.
Three months before his 70th birthday Swasawke died in April 1400 and became a successor crisis with intrigue, assassination and intimidation. The crisis ended in 1401 with the coronation ceremony of Mr. Mincaun I, the eldest son of Swarthow. There was a fact that this son actually caused the ascension problem because it was not supported by the dominant elite at first.
In 1404, Razadarito attacked the kingdom of Ava on a large scale, and the ultimate purpose of Ava was to fix the contract of Ava's kingdom and add it to the kingdom of Hanthawaddy. His attack on Ava and Prome failed, but neither side could win the war with military means alone. Subsequently, what remained what the Rhodarit army did is to surround the town and starve the inmate. This worked because Minkangun I was forced to negotiate with a ceasefire in 1406.
But this ceasefire was only for several months when Abba fought over 1406 north in the north, Mohnyin in the northeast, and Araca in the west of the Kingdom of Ava. This, of course, was not accepted by Razadarit, forced the ceasefire to cease and forced him to continue the war against Abba. He marched to Arakan and quickly kicked out the Abbas army.
Battle was continued with neither side being strong enough to give a definitive final blow to the opponent. Although the territory was acquired, lost, and regained due to the cause of the war, both camps had to suffer a lot of losses from the chest of war, but refilling becomes increasingly difficult, Animals, agricultural products, in fact, the whole kingdom was bankrupted due to the significant costs incurred due to the occurrence of the war. Because the war of Hanthawaddy and Ava became tired financially or completely, the Kingdom of Hanthawaddy rose from 1426 to 1541 the greatness, power and power not previously known, and all the heathen kingdoms It is the most powerful kingdom. But now I am a little more than myself.
The end of the "40 Years War" was mainly the result of the deaths of Han Tawadi's enemy Rasa Dalit king and Ava's Minnetiyawawa king who was the driving force of the war. King Minyekyawswa was killed in battle in 1417 and king Razadarit was murdered in 1421 by a wild elephant that he tame of.
There was not much reported about the era when the war with Ava from 1426 to 1534 was over (Golden Age of Hunt Hardy 's Kingdom). These years were peaceful and prosperous years.
King Razadarit covered most of the territory of the current Burmese, leaving the powerful and affluent Hanzawadi Kingdom affixed the peaceful year of 108 years, but the former powerful and powerful abba kingdom A small guardian in crisis.
The end of the glorious era of the Kingdom of Huntawadi began with the fight against the King Tubugu of King Tabin Shuti in 1535. The war was lost by the fall of Mottama in 1541 due to the absence of King Hantawadi Takayutpi, the shameful defeat for it was self-transforming and absolutely preventable.
Restored Hanthawaddy
After 199 years, Mong successfully rebelled against the Kingdom of Tungguo, dominated the central part of central Burma and central part in 1751, and added Abha to Burma in the upper part in 1752, then rebuilt Hanzawadi I established the kingdom. However, this kingdom was as short as 17 years. That autumn in 1757 put an end to the independence of the moon. Since then, the moon is a countryless people. From this time on, Hymong, their civilization, culture, words are under serious threats, what is Bamar trying to do in the most severe way possible?
The end of the Hanzawadi kingdom restored in 1757 was like the end of Hantawadi's kingdom.両方の場合において、敗北は、むしろ、対応するバーマンの対応者の強さよりも、彼らの王および支配エリートの弱さに起因していた。
バマールのすべての王国と同様に、モンスの王国はバラと落ちましたが、バマールの王国とモンの王国の間には重要な違いがあります。これは、a）3ヶ国の王国（Thaton、Hanthawaddy、Restored Hansawaddy）は、1830年の間に（すべて840年に8つのBamar王国に言われたのと比べて）最長で、b） Thatonは、ビルマで現在存在していたすべての王国のうち最初のものであり、c）Monの王国は文明の最高水準を持っていた。したがって、他の王国はそれと同じように刻印を残さなかった。
EmoticonEmoticon