The Michigan wood industry and the 19th century came closer. Tree Baron swept the nation like a hurricane, as done in New England and New York, and chased off the roughness of the last white pine forest in the world. In the wilderness town they wake up, hundreds of miles of flammable debris, eroded swamps and wonders remain. The name of some inexplicable reason after the state timber town, one of them, Caro, Egyptian Cairo, the aspect of extinction.
If a town had a chance to find a place in the 20th century, it required industry. Mayors and other leaders of the state cast about one person. In Caro, from the Bay County where Entrepreneur Thomas Cranage was establishing a sugar factory at Essexville in the suburb of Bay City looking for cornfield land, the results of Cranage's experiments show that the leader's heart that shakes the timber community He evoked enthusiasm for quickly replacing the calm darkness in my heart.
The cargo ship went to Nebraska, Utah, New Mexico, California, witnessed the process, talked with engineers and hired them. Later, I founded the Michigan Sugar Company, avoided many entrepreneurial mistakes, and found that there is enough capital to survive the disappointment accompanying the new venture.
Michigan Sugar Company benefited from good weather as well as good plans. In the history of the province, the first sugarcane harvesting and processing time (called the "campaign" in the beat sugar industry word meaning) was a remarkable success in any account. Farmers harvested 10.3 tons from the average of 3,103 acres and harvested a total of 32,047 tons of sugarcane. The beer's sugar content was 12.93% on average, the purity was 82%, and 5,685,552 pounds of sugar was extracted from the factory. Sugar content of 12.93% of each purchased ton of beat included 258.6 pounds of sugar. Then a new sugar factory packaged 169 pounds. This was equivalent to a sugar recovery rate of 69%, which was a wonderful result for the first campaign.
The principal in Caro's leader who is the center of business activities in Tuscola County was Charles Montagu. The town was waiting to know how Montague thought about the story of sugar.
Montague turned 52 when Michigan looked to the prospect of sugar. He was already successful in many fields such as banking, agriculture, wood milling, merchandising, manufacturing. In addition to the hotel ownership and operation of the town, he operated a local telephone system and electric lighting company.
If a sugar factory were to be built in the town, there was a need for prominent citizens to board. As someone joined, there was enough enthusiasm to shake the doll from a hidden place. I think that it is preferable to nurture a dog that possibly enriches the management of the town. It was one of the few Michigan communities that does not need to create investment from within the community. In Detroit, 90 miles south, investors found attractive opportunities and approached neighborhood town Vassar. The person who wakes up has not stopped looking for a great opportunity.
Richard Hoodless was comfortably living in a small town named Vasser named after the founder of Vassar University Mathew Vassar. For many years he has traveled European way as a buyer for agricultural products concerning the British concern. He saw the first beat field in Germany 20 years ago, purchased supplies to local governments, factories that prosper in the vicinity of the town, factories that hired workers, taxes, generally citizens Is a chance to soak in the treasure box formed from the beat field which was not rejected directly or indirectly.
Foodless sought a way to reproduce the success of German farmers. If lucky, advertisement was posted in Chicago newspaper. A young architect August Maritzen recently got married. Upon receiving a timeout from the newlywed couple, Americans with the most prestige in Germany just filled their mouth with marble for the first time. It was A. Wernicke Maschinenbau Aktiengesellschaft of Halle in Germany. If Hoodless could produce enough profit to set up a factory in Caro, Maritzen returned to advertising and Maritzen provided an equivalent of $ 4,000 (over $ 80,000 in modern dollars).
On the other hand, Hoodless was a rich man who loves both Charles Montague, the dominance of local telephone and lighting companies, the brilliance of new technology in the late 19th century, and the opportunities and techniques proven in the new sight of Vernice , An experienced factory builder who is eager to build a factory in the United States. For help, he headed to Fred Witt and John Wilgie who were linked to Montagues by two friends, marriage for many years. Wheat was a lawyer whose wife was Maria Montague (sister of Charles Montague).
Hoodless assembled a civil committee that was the predecessor of Caro Sugar Company. Fred Slocum committee was an editor of Tuscola County Advertiser and helped promote that idea in his news section. Neighborhood farmers in Caro know the great excitement signed in the experiments of Essexville just as Charles Montague and his associate John Seeley were spurring coal mining. He served as vice president of Sebewaing Coal Company. It is an organization led by Spencer O. Fisher who was also involved in the Michigan Sugar Company of Eschezville, later became the president of West Bay City Sugar Company .
When Montague picked up the ball, he ran in the end zone without considering the competitive estimate of the factory construction. In fact, on January 18, 1899, joining Montague and Seeley on an excursion to Detroit was Wernicke's representative, Max Schroeder. The cold was intense at night. The transaction while making was hot. There was a big fear that several other towns overcame Kast against the punch and separate investment from Tuscola County. Time was essence.
The town stopped breathing for a week as the trio met with Detroit's important financial firm. Daniel Gutleben reported the receipt of a telegram by Caro's Organizing Committee in 1954, Sugar Tramp. It announced that investment capitalists invested in the factory and gave Wernicke a construction contract. Pandonium "According to the Toscora County advertiser," I committed the highest. "Seelie arrived solely on the train on Tuesday evening, remained in the memory of the legendary Caro and was taken over by each generation, and Daniel Gautrie It is recorded in the record that I talked to a big city city wheel dealer and dealer that Mr. Charles Montague invested heavily in Michigan's second beet sugar factory.
Wernicke's language, customs and economic situation are different from your home country in foreign countries, nobody has the ability to build a factory 4000 km away from the base. Nobody had any experience at the beet sugar factory, and the board did not foresee the need to engage executive officers with such experiences. After all, Vernice is a sugar expert and insists on more than 200 projects, including a project just completed in Australia. It was not a problem, as Wernicke was running enthusiastically, I signed a contract to ensure that the new factory will make 500 tons of beat a day for about 30 days each day so the sugar currently sold in Chicago is 3 Pounds / cents per pound, retail.
A new factory built by someone lacking the disadvantage of building a factory at a foreign factory can also operate at 500 tons per day while its maiden voyage is not being told. The inevitable construction problem has always created a delay. Fine tuning will limit full slicing ability for weeks, sometimes months. In the mix, a crew member of a factory walking behind the plow and knocking a tree with a shaft is added, rather than perfectly harmonizing the boiler, engine, diffuser, vacuum pan, evaporator etc. A year ago, factory builders at Essexville missed the guarantee to produce 15 cents of sugar at 3.5 cents per pound, and it was not costly court settlements, facts unknown to Vernicke, or instantly dismissed uncertainty Further confidence, Vernicke agreed to raise $ 300,000 out of the $ 400,000 construction cost.
For Caro and its Detroit investors, it was a very good deal. It got better as time passed. The village council purchased 100 acres of land in two parcels as an additional induction. One of them belongs to Charles Montagu and was awarded to Montague factory owners. The Caro Water Company provided up to 500,000 gallons of spring water free every day to make the transaction sweeter.
Carou became a beneficiary of the factory paid by external investors as a result of Montague's energy and Furres ambition and the will of the city not abandoned. The Caro Sugar Company, the original name of The Caro Sugar Company, was a Peninsular Sugar Refining Company organized on January 30, 1899 and consisted of 30,000 shares with a face value of $ 10. By August of the same year, the capital reached 500,000 dollars and rose to 750,000 dollars in February 1902. The final increase was $ 1 million in September 1902, that is to say 100,000 shares with a face value of $ 10.00.
Employees include Detroit producer Charles Bewick who invested in the East Tawas sugar plant in a few years and Henry B. Joyy who was appointed president of Packard Motor Car Company in 1905. Joy and members of his family invested in numerous Michigan sugar factories, including Alma, Crosswell, and Bay City. Invested in Caro who is co-founder of his brother-in-law and Packard · motor car company Truman Newberry and became one of the company's directors with Joy. Newbury will grab a moment as a successful bidder of the US Senate seat in Michigan in 1918, beating another big tribe, Henry Ford who bought the same post. (The fame of Newberry lasted long in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, where he celebrated his father's thought about finely carving all hardwoods he could find and turning it into charcoal, the town of Newberry I named him.)
David Cady and Gilbert Lee, distributor of large wholesalers in Detroit, dominated about 5,000 shares. While Henry Joy was appointed vice president, Gilbert Lee entered the position of president.
In a few years Sugar Trust came to town, everything changed. The Sugar Refining Company was called Sugar Trust everywhere in the newspaper and moved to Michigan in 1901 and 1902 and began absorbing the beet sugar factory at a rapid pace . Charles Montagu has now disappeared. Also, his friend and partner John Seeley has gone. Mr. Richard Foodless started all this, but never put it on the shareholder list.
The list of shareholders reflected some of the top names of sugar trust by 1903. Most of them were Charles B. Warren, a legal counsel of the American Sugar Refining Company, of which 22,001 exceeded the 1904 shareholder list. The second largest shareholder was a director of American Sugar Refining Company holding 15,667 shares in Thomas B. Washington, Boston, Massachusetts. He will be President of the Sugar Trust four years after his founder Henry O. Meyer's death. The third place was Lowell Palmer, an executive officer of the American Sugar Refining Company holding 10,126 shares. Together, three managed 48% of Peninsular Sugar Refining Company. An interesting feature of the list of shareholders was that there were no names of Caro citizens, except for some of the employees at the sugar factory.
The American Sugar Refining Company was criticized for daily presses due to monopolistic tendency and fought in the federal court due to the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Law violation and a stable dividend Under the evaluation of the Sugar Trust of 13,000 shareholders who received the award, it is required to produce high-quality products at low cost, for which purpose we will move from factory to factory, distribute technical information, We supervise training, dispatch staff, inspect facilities.
However, in 1899, Caro's hobby village was added to the hundreds of necessary workers such as vehicles, food and clothing, and the luxury goods that caused cash bookkeeping, not the truth of high funding and corporate philosophy Was established. All the rings about the town. Men, money, equipment, building materials were swept away by the village. 48 pieces of equipment, 6 million bricks and 1000 stones quickly arrived. 300 workers including brick layers of 50 cents per hour, the snow begins to melt in April and closed on October 23, compared with 15 cents for general labor, compared with 5 cents for electric construction if apprentice Georg Bartsch, director Georg Bartsch, specializing in sugar manufacturing, gained a special assessment that gained expertise in crystallization and vacuum panning, declared the factory is ready for operation.
The performance guarantee of the new beet sugar factory will dare to afflict Wernicke. The factory as described by Gutleben, while avoiding American preferences in terms of materials, was still the first line of factory design. It has four 4 effect evaporators made of wrought iron and has 8,911 square feet heating surface, the two breads are 9-1 / 2 feet (13 feet diameter) each, including 753 square feet of heating surface, For final washing of centrifuge sugar using steam jet. Six of the 700 cubic feet of spray-cooled vacuum packed crystallizer installed on the pan floor is a contemporary feature that speeds up cooling and improves throughput. Nine water tube boilers equipped with mechanical stokers provided adequate steam supply. Concrete floor, luxury according to the Michigan factory standard of the day divided the factories from profitable mud and clay.
Two important differences between American design factory and German design quickly caused scandals. First, the American style of management was inspired by the invention of the phrase "to manage with your feet, not your feet" while seeking a field marshal commanded from a distant place in German way Ask the supervisor, send the lieutenant to collect information, distribute and direct the wisdom of the administration.
In addition, European management methods thoroughly demand the secret between management and manager, technicians reserve their own knowledge to themselves, share with those who paid smartly for their son and guidance It was. The departmental factories are fully compatible with European management style. As a result, the Caro factory consulted several separate rooms or departments, the effect accumulated and the number of workers needed to operate the factory increased. The messenger was talking about the rooms that convey orders and information. This arrangement makes it difficult to expand the factory later. Expansion of one area generally occurred at the expense of another area. A factory constructed by Kilby, a factory constructed by Joseph Kilby of Cleveland, Ohio, is contrary contemplated by many construction companies at the sugar factory, but in more than two generations of successful developments, the construction to the structure or foundation add to.
However, from the viewpoint of practicality and fairness, the record of Vernike was outstanding. From March 1 of the same year until October 23 of the same year, the company had shipped a considerable part of the factory from Germany. After that, in the first seven months of the eight sugar beet sugar factories built in Michigan in 1899, a complete management facility was designed and built in a relatively new foreign country. In Michigan after Essexville. According to the criteria that existed between 1899 and over 100 years, Vernicke's achievements are a monumental outcome. Apart from the usual uproar, the factory was better than any entrepreneurs that took in that year, and in some cases it was better than that.
Because of the loss of records, specifically the sugar content of the processed sugar beet, the results of the first campaign can only be estimated. At nearby Bay City, 13% sugar content is reported and 11% is reported in other parts of the state. Applying an average of 12% to the crop received at Caro, the new plant recovered 66% of the beet sugar and was better than 61% recovered at Benton Port, but the recovery rate was 72% .
However, encouraging the results But simple facts, Wernicke will result in walking in a hurry to the failed trees in a contract that failed to achieve three conditions. Firstly, the factory did not slice 500 tons in a row for 30 consecutive days, as is guaranteed. Secondly, there is a cost of more than 3 cents per pound, and thirdly, the factory promised on September 1, 1899 was not ready to accept the beat. In addition, according to the company, the sugar produced was lacking in productivity, many of which were lost in the process. Vernicke learned the essence of Michigan's pioneering sugar maker lawsuit.
As Michigan decided to withhold payment of promised prize money to sugar produced after January 1, 2007, except for the fact that directors were thinking of operating losses, Vernicke's exceptional effort In consideration, the benefits provided payment from the state treasury of 1 cents per pound of sugar produced from Sugar Beats in Minnesota State, but later declared unconstitutional by an examiner supported by the State Supreme Court. This decision brought disasters to investors as 1 cent is equivalent to about one-third of the operational cost. The US Supreme Court refused to consider the case, causing the false belief that this sentence backed the House of Representatives. Unpaid prizes were raised to $ 40,436. In many cases, a loss of about $ 65,000 was needed.
When taking Wernicke to the courtroom, the company 's director elected the brilliant lawyer Charles Evans Hughes, who was planning to be the Supreme Congressman, as a defense panel. In preparation for his day at the court in Vernicke, Hughes learned the sugar industry of German and sugar beet thoroughly, allowing cross-checking of German engineers who appeared as skilled witnesses. According to James Howell, a former Caro factory who wrote a detailed explanation of the history of the Cauro factory, Hughes spent a month at the Caro factory until he became an expert in design and function and explored every corner.
According to Gutleben, Wernicke confiscated the $ 300,000 bonds that assumed 75% of the contract price, Wernicke resolved to completely withdraw from building a US sugar factory. Written six years ago from Gutleben, Howell wields a slightly changed account. He is related to the fact that Vernicke remitted $ 150,000 and paid 125 thousand dollars for a construction contract.
Shortly, the Oxnard Construction Company began to influence Caro's change to the factory, but it was not important with regard to the original construction. American centrifuges, these were replaced by the German design by the American Machine Machine Company (often called "Amtool"). One major change had nothing to do with the defects of the original design. It was the addition of the Steffen process to remove sugar from molasses. The main problem of the era was that the proportion of sugar escaping the manufacturing process was high and the gummy slip remaining from the manufacturing process was mixed with molasses and finished.
The financial performance in the second year was impressive. A new centrifuge and the Steffens process (in the industry called Steffen & # 39; s House) proved its value. 7 million pounds of sugar passed through the warehouse. The amount of sugar was 32,000 tons, sugar was 14%. The factory extracted 243 pounds of sugar from each ton of sugar beets. This was a 35% improvement in the first year. The new Stefan process not only recovered sugar from about 20 tons of molasses produced every day, but also recovered sugar from molasses remaining from previous crops.
Henry Oxnard discovers the dynasty dynasty in Caro
Henry Oxnard did not just redesign the factory when working on the problem that existed in Caro. He discovered the administrative dynasty not only affecting the Caro factory but also forever affecting the prosperous US sugar beet sugar industry. Almost ten years ago, in 1891, Henry Oxnard formed the nucleus of executives trying to train Americans to sugar production after arriving in the United States from Germany and France, receiving the highest and best education We recruited technicians from the beat.
After the initial management layer was formed, Oxnard began offering mechanical engineering department. For overall construction management responsibility, I turned to AP Cooper who was working as an assistant engineer at the Ames plant in Pioneer, Nebraska. Cooper immediately investigated the Caro factory, made plans to influence the change, and worked on the duet of draftsmen accompanying Mr. Caro. One is Daniel Gutleben, which has been promoted to the highest factory operator class everyday, followed by the history of the beat industry history.
After properly arranging the two top tiers, Oxnard noticed that it would arrange the employer's promotion organization that could carry out with a high degree of satisfaction if appropriate guidance was given, even though adequate training was inadequate .
German 36-year-old Charles Sealand hired by Oxnard to oversee this change denied the tendency to withhold information other than monetary compensation. He adopted Henry Oxnard's philosophy of sharing information. Caro was not only a factory but also a university in his mind. A long list of factory engineers and managers started a career at Caro under his guidance and then exchanged their knowledge to others when moving from factory to factory. One of them was William Hoodless, the son of the same Richard Hoodless, he began rolling the ball to get Caro's factory. Within a few years he was responsible for all factory operations and he did not accept the president of the Pennsylvania sugar smelter in Philadelphia even afterwards.
In 1906, Sugar Trust revived the name of the first company to build a Michigan state sugar factory and integrated most of Michigan state with one company, Michigan Sugar Company. The new Michigan Sugar Company includes Alma Sugar Company, Michigan Sugar Company, Peninsula Sugar Refining Company, Carroll Sugar Company, Crosswell Sugar Company, Cebu Wine Sugar Company It contains. At the time, the Blissfield Sugar Company, founded in 1905, has a great interest by candidate shareholders and failed as a business venture in 1904. East Tawas Sugar Company used Sugar Trust in Chaska, Minnesota The Kilby plant I was doing was open for 66 years thereafter. The Carroll Sugar Company also contained an abolished Saginaw Sugar Company, which owned another Kilby plant, which was operated by Stirling, Colorado from 1905 to 1985. 1925
By 1920 the sun arrived at the Sugar Trust. In response to attacks by various federal agencies such as the US Department of Justice and Interstate Commerce Commission, the American Sugar Refining Company gradually sold many components to private investors, and in that way Michigan Sugar Company We relaxed from the handful of Sugar Trust. After consulting with the residents of Michigan, the board of directors after trust did not have any relationship with Sugar Trust except for President Charles B. Warren, but he was interested for the first time as Japanese ambassador in 1921-1922 It was. In 1924 he took office as Mexican ambassador. He politically cast a vote on the influence of Warren's past Sugar Trust and quit the bid of becoming an American Attorney General in 1925. His desire for the position of the public sector escaped from the president's office. Mr. William H. Wallace was responsible for that position and served as 3d vice president and general manager. The first vice president and the second vice president received severe blows on a list of shareholders not involved in daily activities.
Caro survives from time and change
Thanks to Caro's director James Howell, which began in 1944 with a history recorded in 1944, Caro began stockpiling beats in the factory garden in 1937. The factory was able to see the needs of other crops, but previously it was necessary to supply beats as needed.
Between 1928 and 1937, Caro factories like almost all Michigan state beat sugar factories suffered from the depression. However, from 1937 until now, Caro reports steady improvement in terms of modernization and expansion. A centrifuge of white sugar and a new pulp warehouse were added in 1944. The centrifuge is a device designed to separate the sugar coating from the syrup by filtering the syrup on a screen rotating at a sufficient number of revolutions (usually about 1,200 rpm), propelling the syrup through perforations in the spinning basket . The crystals of sugar remain in the basket and the syrup recirculates the process to recover more sugar.これらの変更により、毎日の平均スライス・レートは、当初の設計で1日当たり500トンから24時間ごとに3600トン以上に拡大し、米国の他の製品と比較して比較的小さい工場になっています2倍から4倍の大きさ。
Caroが100年以上生存する秘密を持っているなら、それは何年にもわたって再建されたOxnard工場が今日も残っており、発生したときに挑戦し、地域社会の支援を得て、変更を強制するそのようにして、米国で最も古く生存しているビール砂糖工場が、急速に変化している産業にぶつかる。
Source:
HOWELL、James、ミシガン・シュガー・カンパニーのカロ植物の歴史、Caro Factoryの歴史の未発表の記事、1948年5月1日
GUTTLEBEN、Daniel、The Sugar Tramp - 1954 p.182シュガートラストによる砂糖工場の購入、p。カリフォルニア州サンフランシスコのベイ・シティ・デュープリシング・カンパニーが印刷したSebewaing Sugarの組織および運営実績に関する177
マルキス、アルバート・ネルソン、デトロイトの書、468〜468ページ、AN Marquis＆Company、1908年シカゴ - チャールズ・B・ウォーレンの伝記
MICHIGAN ANNUAL REPORTS、ミシガン・アーカイブズ、ランシング、ミシガン州：
半島シュガー精製会社は1904年、ミシガンシュガー社は1924年に提出
Moody、John、The Trustsについての真実は、シュガートラストが1902年にミシガン州のビート砂糖会社を買収し、1892年から1900年にかけての配当支払いを開始したというコメントを参考にしています。
アメリカ。ニューヨーク州南部地区連合地方裁判所
米国とアメリカンシュガーリファイニング社など1674ページ、請願者の展示会＃1494
Copyright、2009、Thomas Mahar、All Rights Reserved
EmoticonEmoticon